Friday, December 27, 2019

The Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 868 Words

One of the most controversial topics in the news today is the legalization of marijuana. Supporters believe that the drug is not harmful and can have numerous benefits. However, opponents argue that marijuana can lead to addiction and other more dangerous drugs. In the end, marijuana should be legal based on economic, medicinal, and philosophical factors. First, the legalization of marijuana would have a tremendous economic impact. Since â€Å"marijuana is thought to be the second most profitable cash crop in the United States,† (Erb __) the government could control and then tax the drug if it is legal. This would mean that an enormous amount of money could be raised through the taxing of the drug. A recent study at Harvard estimated†¦show more content†¦endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness† (Dec of Ind ____). This suggests that the government cannot dictate a personâ₠¬â„¢s actions since all individuals are guaranteed basic freedoms. Lastly, legalizing marijuana would be a philosophical issue for all human beings. Despite these positives, people still disagree with the legalization of marijuana. They believe that the drug can lead to a lifetime of addiction. Opponents believe that marijuana is a gateway drug that can lead to other more harmful and dangerous drugs. Additionally, people think that marijuana is more harmful than tobacco. However, research and statistics have proven that each of these arguments is untrue. Firstly, people argue against the legalization of marijuana because they think that the drug can lead to addiction. Research has shown that only about 9% of marijuana users will have a serious addiction (Iverson ____). By contrast, â€Å"32% of tobacco users †¦and 15% of alcohol users will become addicted† (Gumbiner _____). These statistics show that marijuana is less addictive than two substances (tobacco and al cohol) that are already legal in the United States. In conclusion, the argument that marijuana should not be legalized because of its addictiveness is false since very few people become dependent on the drug. Secondly, opponents of legalizing marijuana think that the drug isShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, â€Å"95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried pot at least once, and three out of every four illicit-drug users reported using marijuana within the previous 30 days† (ONDCP). The decriminalization and eve ntually legalization for the recreational use of marijuana will bring forth benefitsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1282 Words   |  6 Pages On November 8th, 2016, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative may be included on the ballot. The people of California will vote on whether to legalize the recreational use of cannabis for adults. The move targets at regulating the consumption of the drug and taxing it like other legalized drugs. California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996 (National Institute of Drug Abuse). The state prohibited any legal actions from being taken on patients and recognized caregiversRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1660 Words   |  7 PagesKyler Smith 9/15 â€Å"Marijuana Legalization† The legality of cannabis varies from country to country. Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s. However, possession of the drug in small quantities had been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world. Furthermore, possession is legal or effectively legal in the Netherlands, Uruguay, and in the US states of ColoradoRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana or Cannabis is one of the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound af fects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pages the monetary gain of its legalization for most has been productive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to schools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. With a deficit of over 1.1 billion marijuana sales could alleviate bothRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana972 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1st the states of Colorado and Washington officially began the regulation of legal marijuana sales. Thousands of people from all over the country including tourists from Wisconsin, Ohio, Chicago, and even Georgia lined up out front of dispensaries to make a purchase. Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana628 Words   |  2 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, the plant of the cannabis, has been around since the early 1900’s. Throughout history, marijuana has been used illegally, for both recreational and medical uses. Recently, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes, like aiding HIV/AIDs patients, healing migraines and controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy. Today, there are currently 21 American states that have legalized medicinal marijuana including two states that have legalized recreational marijuana

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Homeless Youth in Canada - 801 Words

33,000, this is the number of homeless that live on the streets in Canada and 8,000-11,000 of those people are youth in the age range of only 16-24 years of age. This number has increased and grown bigger by the days due to social and economic factors and coming up with a solution becomes more complicated. Many teens become homeless because of hardship in their life or addiction and mental/psychical disabilities, which affects the integrity of that person. This essay will explain the factors of how youth end up on the streets and the harmful effects it can cause and how Canada reacts and helps this problem. The world is discovering how the population of youth on the streets is growing and their trying make many†¦show more content†¦As a result , many teens don’t feel like it’s a possibility reuniting with their families. Fosters homes, foster homes take care of youth when no other adult is around anymore. A sad fact is most youth in foster homes are only ta ken care of till a certain age than become discharged leaving them limited housing options and low income abilities. A majority of youth in foster care become homeless at a young age and stay homeless for a long period of time. Alone and troubled, surving the hardship of the world all by yourself. Youth are unfortunate to have life experience on how to survive the world, many youth don’t have job experience or money to support themselves to get back in school and live a normal life style. Becoming homeless at a young age puts a great deal of damage on teenagers, the longer time period a person is homeless can cause long term emotional and psychical harm considering the distant they have to go to just to survive. Living on the streets, youth doesn’t get three square meals a day like a average teenager would, they live off poor diets and lack of malnutrition causing the effects of having aShow MoreRelatedHomeless Youths in Canada Essay examples1762 Words   |  8 PagesEven with the daily struggle faced by youth in obtaining shelter and homelessness becoming a reality for a growing number of Canadians, Canada, with its high quality of life is one country that has always had a global long-stand ing reputation (Health Canada, 2006). The aim of this paper is to give the reader a better understanding and knowledge with regards to homeless youth. It will be focusing on the reasons why they leave home, their lives on the street and steps they are trying to take to beRead MoreHomelessness In Canada Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesare forced to live on the streets or put themselves on the streets, because they feel it would be a better fit. Homelessness in Canada is a very large and concerning issue because of the growing population. We need to ask our selves what causes homelessness, why are so many youth involved with homelessness and what can we change so that the homelessness problem in Canada lessens? Many people put the issue of homelessness aside because there are many programs that people can go to so that they canRead More The Rise in Youth Homelessness in Canada Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesToday in Canada, a rise in youth homelessness is being observed across the country. Despite common assumptions, the issue of street youth is not isolated to Toronto or Montreal, but has become pervasive across the country. Although accurate statistics are impossible to come by, the disturbing reality is that both urban centers and rural communities nationwide, are struggling to provide their youth with adequate, affordable housing. Issues surrounding the supply and affordability of housing, combinedRead MoreA SOLUTION TO HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pagespublic (Tunstall, 2009) . Predominantly , the homeless are individuals or families with no permanent  residence who also lack the resources or abilities necessary to arrange for their own adequate housing and living (Stearman, 2010). This matter affects a diverse demographic of the Canadian public. In 2003, the Toronto report card on housing and homelessness reported that out of 32,000 people who used homeless shelters, 15% were families, 22% were youths between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four,Read MoreWhat Ways Does Immigration Status Impact Homeless And Why?1631 Words   |  7 Pagesof people who are homless will stay homeless for more than a year. This means that a large majority of vulnerable individuals such individuals living in poverty will stay living in a shelter or on the steets for more than a year until they are able to get back on their feet.Having a home is something many of us take for granted and until we face the the reality of seeing more individuals living under briges and on the corner of our c ommunities. Becoming homeless can happen to anyone. Immigrants areRead MoreYouth Is The Future Of Tomorrow987 Words   |  4 PagesToday’s youth are the future of tomorrow and they will be in professions and trades that will shape our economy. They will be the policy-makers who will guide our society and they will be the parents who will raise the next generation (Representative for Children and Youth, 2015). As of July 1, 2010, there were approximately 3.7 million children under the age of 10; 1.9 million youths aged 10 to 14; and 2.2 million youths between 15 and 19 years of age (â€Å"A Statistical Snapshot,† n.d.). In particularRead MoreHomeless Youth Essay641 Words   |  3 PagesHomeless Youth Homelessness is defined as having no fixed place to sleep at night. This includes people staying in motels until their money runs out, those staying with friends, those staying in shelters, and those sleeping inside or out whatever space they can find to protect themselves. The number of homeless people has been growing and it has become a serious problem in our society. Every night in Canada there are thousands of people living on the streets. This type of behaviour is consideredRead MoreThe Reasons For Youth Homelessness969 Words   |  4 Pagespeople you know. However, statistically speaking, thirty thousand people are homeless on any given night. For every one of these homeless people, three point five people are what is known as ‘hidden homeless’. Commonly referred to as couch surfers, these are people who have no permanent residence, but stay with relatives or friends temporarily. Young people aged sixteen to twenty four are twenty percent of the homeless popula tion. With these high numbers of homelessness right while we are in highRead MoreHomeless Teenagers: A Vulnerable Population951 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Homeless Teenagers: Vulnerable Population Introduction Homeless teenagers are a vulnerable population that faces many challenges just in terms of daily existence in addition to their overall development in the transitioning to adulthood. Current studies are reported to indicate that the primary cause of homeless among youth is family dysfunction in the form of parental neglect, physical or sexual abuse, family substance abuse, and family violence. (Runway Homeless Youth and Relationship ToolkitRead MoreImproving The Lives Of Street Youths952 Words   |  4 PagesLIVES OF STREET YOUTHS Purpose: The purpose of this briefing note is to present recommendations to improve the services available to street youths, by changing societal perception of street youths. Background: Street youths are not a homogeneous group but a social construct to describe adolescents whose lives revolve around the street as a location to work or live. There are approximately 100 million street youths world wide, and there are approximately 150,000 street youths in Canada. The lives of

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Bluescope Steel Company-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1. What are the key Environmental issues faced by BlueScope Steel? 2. What are the key resources used by the company? 3. How can Blue Scope gain from better work practices? 4. How do they measure and record current usage of resources? 5. How was Blue Scope able to implement waste reduction? 6. Out of the hints and tips listed on the 2nd page of the case study, select 3 tips and explain how they can be applied at ACK? Answers: 1.BlueScope is facing various environmental challenges in carrying out its manufacturing processes. Some of the key challenges include; Greenhouse gas emissions, the company believes that this is an important issue that requires response and hence taking part in reduction of the emissions to protect its employees as well as the communities at large (Mathieson, et al, 2005). Air pollution, the company is concerned with the quality of air used by both its employees and the community at large hence investing in air filtration systems. Climate change, as result of change in climate leading to water shortage and drought among the community members, the company has come up with water harvesting system for preservation to use during dry times. 2.Key resources used by the company are; Coal is a key resource used in energy production used in producing raw steel. Water is a key resource used in steel production both in circulation and finishing processes. Iron that is mainly produced by use of coal energy is the primary set of raw steel that is processed to make the steel product as a complete. 3.BlueScope can gain better work practices by; Enhancing creative and strategic management activities to help understand new trends in work practices. Ensuring a clear set of ethics to be followed by both the management and the junior employees. Ensuring positive working relationships with all the companys stakeholders to ensuring a positive working environment. Ensure a strong and productive human resource department to ensuring the well- being of all the employees for positive productivity. 4.The company is able to measure and record current usage of resources by taking count of all the inputs and outputs taking place within its environments. This ensures that all raw materials, production processes, labor supply as well as products distributed in the market are recorded. This helps the company to come up with a detailed report on its inputs and outputs relating to its level of growth. 5.BlueScope was able to implement waste reduction idea by; Creating an environmental committee that consisted of the company staff members who engaged in the waste reduction mission by focusing on means of waste distribution and means of waste reuse (Ness, et al, 2015). Improving filter cake management also enhanced waste reduction as the water residue from steel production was controlled appropriately. 6.Enhancing management systems by the staffs to protect the environment by implementing rag and grove recycling programs resulted to waste reduction. The hints and tips given can be applied at ACK as discussed below; Saving water. Since water used in cooling system does not require to be either fresh or non-fresh, ACK can use this while teaching on processing to minimize water usage by recycling cooling water instead of running the main water source while cooling. Saving energy. To reduce the amount of energy used in processing activities, ACK can explore more heat recovery options available in various options. Example using waste heat to help heat the space that can later enhance energy production. This ensures that direct heat used is less as the preserved heat is used in space heating. Reducing waste. ACK management can decide to come up with an education plan to teach both members of staff and students about the various waste reduction initiatives to help reduce waste in the environment. References Mathieson, J. G., Truelove, J. S., Rogers, H. 2005. Toward an understanding of coal combustion in blast furnace tuyere injection. Fuel, 84(10), pp. 1229-1237. Ness, D., Swift, J., Ranasinghe, D. C., Xing, K., Soebarto, V. 2015. Smart steel: new paradigms for the reuse of steel enabled by digital tracking and modelling. Journal of cleaner production, 98, pp.292-303.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Re informal Notice pursuant to LA R.S. 49961 Essays - Nursing

Re: informal Notice pursuant to LA R.S. 49:961 I am writing to explain the above incident that occurred between Feb 17th and 18th, 2015. I have just relocated from Mobile Alabama where I worked as a registered Nurse at Springhill Medical Center for a period of one year after graduation from college. I got a new job as a registered nurse at Tulane Medical Center on Dec 2nd, 2014 and I was given a letter to take to the Louisiana Board of Nursing to apply for the 90 days temporary permit, till I get the permanent license endorsed, because I already have a valid license from Alabama State Board of Nursing. On December, 2014 I went to the Board of Nursing in Baton Rouge to apply for the temporary license and as part of the requirement, I was required to submit the following: a verification of licensure form from Alabama Board of Nursing, a verification of employment from employer and a Nursing Data/Verification form from the College of Nursing (University of North Alabama). I contacted the various department and was assured that the various verification forms has been sent to the Board of Nursing in Baton Rouge. Three week later, I contacted the Board of Nursing Baton Rouge to verify the status of my license and was told that they received all the documents except the Nursing Data/Verification form from University of North Alabama and soon as they have it, my license will be endorsed. I immediately contacted the Nursing Department at University of North Alabama questioning the reason why they haven't sent out the verification form, since it has been three weeks I requested they send the information to the Louisiana Board of Nursing and they responded that they were having some technical difficulties and promised to mail out the form in two to three business days. In addition, I called the Louisiana Board of Nursing to inform them to be on the lookout for my verification form from my school(UNA) and they assured me that soon as they receive the form from my school, my license will automatically be endorsed. I continue working with the believe that everything has been resolved, and to my greatest surprise, I received a call from my Nursing Manager after my daily shift on Feb. 17th, 2015. saying, "that my temporary license has expired at midnight of the 18th Feb. and I can't work continue to work till I get reinstated. Again, I called the Board of Nursing Baton Rouge and was told that, "they are yet to receive the Nursing Data/Verification form from my school (UNA). Then, I contacted the college of Nursing at University of North Alabama and demanded to speak to a higher authority because, I was beginning to feel like they were playing games with me. finally. I got transferred to a different person and I explained my situation to her and even told her that my job is at risk. she then assured me that my verification form will be sent out immediately and she's sorry for whatever inconvenience. then the next day, I contacted the board of Nursing Baton Rouge again only for them to tell me that my license has been endorsed. I am honestly not very happy with the role the college of Nursing at University of North Alabama played in all this and I sincerely apologize for whatever inconvenience that this might have caused. I never deliberately intended to go contrary to the laws of the Louisiana State Board of Nursing, I am a very hard working and dedicated Nurse and I have no civil or criminal charges since I became a Registered Nurse and I ask respectfully, that you temper justice with mercy, as that will enable me to move forward in my endeavors to succeed in this field. Sincerely, Jane Elenwa (RN)

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Tegan Hrad Write Up Essay Example

Tegan Hrad Write Up Essay Was outsourcing the A/P project the right move for Tegan given the other possible alternatives? Outsourcing has seemed to acquire a rise in popularity and usage in our modern times. Outsourcing involves entering into a contract in which an in-house company process, or processes, is ultimately handed over and dealt with from a third party’s perspective. I would have to say that there are three primary, helpful factors to outsourcing, especially when it comes to the world of business. To start off, the cost of operations can be trimmed down through outsourcing. This, in turn, would assist a corporation or business in accumulating more lucrativeness. Secondly, every organization out there has the intention of delivering top-of-the-line services and goods. Outsourcing can contribute to more efficient deliveries. Specifically concerning information technology or something that would be considered to be a bit more technical, outsourcing can bolster efficiency within that particular field of a technical nature. Thus, productivity would be improved through outsourcing. Thirdly and lastly, within a set interval of time, an establishment has the ability through outsourcing to complete projects promptly. This is due to the fact that while a third party is handling a certain progression of a certain company, that individual company can now use its human capital and employees – that may originally were going to have to deal with a peculiar development stage of a certain project which has now been outsourced – in other, more beneficial ways. More labor can be put into other areas. Yet, when concerning one’s self or a company’s self with such an area as information technology, outsourcing must be looked at with meticulous contemplation in order to guarantee the best possible outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Tegan Hrad Write Up specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tegan Hrad Write Up specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tegan Hrad Write Up specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Experts, on both sides of the aisle, the customer / purchaser and the outsourced business, must exhibit exemplary communication between the two of them. Both sides need to be participating constantly and engaged. Items will need to be analyzed on a constant basis. Participation and engagement will be critical again. With all of this in mind, I would have to say that the A/P project being outsourced, on the part of Tegan, was not a good move. They might have thought it was a good move, but it turned out not to be because the project bombed, especially in terms of the time interval in which it was supposed to be completed. Obviously, there were failures in regards to communication. Additionally, I think Tegan did not make available various pieces of crucial material that could have helped Hrad. Maybe if Hrad had possessed more intricate information or more information at a faster rate of speed, they could have optimized various systems and system functions by the intended due date. SECTION 2: What are the tradeoffs involved in having the requirements analysis for a project performed by one of the firms that would ultimately bid on the project? The main focus, concerning the requirements analysis for a project, is to figure out how a system specifically runs and how all the intricacies within that system work together. In the course of any requirements analysis process, tradeoffs must be pondered. Additionally, when an organization ultimately decides to pick that other outfit to perform whatever assignments need to be done, a thorough thought process will have to go in to that as well. A variety of tradeoffs happen based on many motives. Allow me to expand a bit. Leading off, I have to begin with cost. Cost is an essential, necessary component to undertake requirements analysis. Practically every business out there is attempting to lower costs when taking on any pursuit while simultaneously trying to extract returns at an utmost level. Therefore, if the requirements analysis method is too pricey to do it in-house, the more fitting and suitable approach would be for that business to outsource to another agency the particular tasks and jobs it wants done. I think ideally a firm or business group of sorts would love to use their own employees to complete tasks that the company needs to be fulfilled. Unfortunately, employees can be limited in their knowledge bases. Internally speaking, it may not be able to be done and then upper management may have to hire new people or possibly more people based on the size of the project or project duties. This ramification may not have been in the minds of senior management. Basically, can senior management hire specialized laborers or can they scoot on by without them? Cost definitely plays a role right here. What will be economical for the company? How long can companies consistently pay for specialized labor to work within their internal structures? What outsourcing options does a company have? Subsequently, constrictions and limitations regarding information technology are an integral part of the requirements analysis process. As a firm or company is mulling over the idea of outsourcing, the individual company needs to understand how technologically advanced the other agency is. What are the boundaries and controls of that other agency? Do they actually have a proficient team of technological professionals that will be able to deliver what they promise or will they get stuck on something somewhere in the middle of the project? That would not be good. Whenever a company out there, no matter how big or small it is, indicates to go with an outsourcing partnership, it always helps to uncover and verify the technical aptness of the agency that will be providing the commissioned package of goods and services. Thirdly, time is critical. The deliberation of time intervals and what needs to be finished within a certain time is vital when dealing with a requirements analysis. This is yet another tradeoff. Can we as a company, with everything that is already on our plate, complete projects x, y, and z on our own or do we need assistance getting such projects done in a more timely fashion? To top off this section, if time is the key element that will make or break a project or series of activities, the companies that are researching outsourcing firms and will eventually pick one needs to find one that is efficient in accomplishing the sought after goal of time management. It is always nice for a business to have a positive rapport with an outsourcing firm. It might loosen up any stresses and that outsourcing firm may win the bid. Yet, how friendly is too friendly? Maybe a friendship could be cause for a lax / careless atmosphere. SECTION 3: Given our journeys through the world of system development methods, discuss the choice of development methodology employed by Hrad Technika. I know in class thus far and in this current case (in certain spots), I learned about some different types of development methodology. From what I gathered, I believe the range of methodologies crosses the spectrum from agile methods and waterfall-type routines over to engineering, iterative, and joint access / design. One can even notice that within the Tegan C. C. C. document, the waterfall model is mentioned in the middle of page four. Furthermore, within the Hrad Technika document, on its page four, it used such keywords as iteratively on the top of that page and then jointly and joint meeting in the middle of that page. I found it fascinating to go back through my notes and sort of match up some of these buzz words in the context of these two cases as I read through them. I got to see some of these methodologies referenced, shining a bit more light upon them. Concerning Hrad Technika and what they employed, I would have to say the methodology that was exhibited was one of Joint Access and Joint Design. Moreover, I would say the waterfall methodology popped up too. Within the first kind of methodology (joint methodology), the creators (the outsourced firm, Hrad) remain in contact with the customer (Tegan) concerning choices about what characteristics need to be assimilated into the layout of the current system in place. It is also helpful if the customer (Tegan) has some know-how in regards to all the various pieces and cogs that should be built in and encompassed within the system. What the new system is going to be should be a clear picture within the customer’s mind. That notion will aid and benefit the minds and thinking processes of the designers, also known as the outsourced firm. The outsourced organization would then develop, foster, and nurture such demanded aspects and components into the system. Anything and everything that would be integrated or expanded upon into the system should adhere to strict compliance. The outsourced company cannot put something into the system that is not agreed upon or simply will not fit into the system. In continuation, once the system has been finalized, the client gets to test it. Hopefully the client does test it and does not just start running with it immediately. The customer company needs to make sure they are getting the correct requirements they negotiated. Most likely testing will occur, and this is where both parties can record any inconsistencies and inefficiencies. If rectifications need to be made or functionality needs to be improved, this is where it happens. When jointly designing usages and purposes, both sides need to cooperate. It is only through this cooperation that a successful end result can be achieved. Tegan and Hrad need to be on the same page. After reading both cases, it was quite obvious that there were some alignment problems. Furthermore, within this joint methodology, it is obligatory that both sides have the same real time, working awareness and information for what the anticipated system is supposed to become (this also appeared to be problematic). There cannot be delays or miscues sending and receiving data and material. If there is a break down in any of the topics previously discussed, it will cause a failure within the development of the proposed, newer and better system. I do believe with the joint designing, both companies put forth what they considered to be an adequate amount of effort but through their supposed efforts, they jointly took a nose dive together. I truly believe each side wanted to help the other side, but they never accurately matched up with each other. It wasn’t meant to be. In addition to the joint access method, I also saw elements of the waterfall method illustrated by Hrad. However, with the project climate constantly changing, the waterfall method may not have been the best choice by Hrad. Probably a better choice by Hrad would have been something along the lines of an iterative method. The waterfall method can be quite linear and rigid. It does not allow for flexibility and scope adjustments. I think the term scope creep ended up hitting Hrad pretty hard there towards the end of both cases. With the waterfall method, it seemed to me like Hrad could not really go back to a previous phase. It seems like the waterfall method displayed by Hrad caused the project to overrun not only in regards to time but with cost too. SECTION 4: Why did Hrad Technika, the firm that performed the requirements analysis, have scope and requirements problems once the project commenced? Hrad Technika decided to implement a methodology that involved sharing. The sharing was intended to be mutual and on a consistent basis. Regrettably, barriers that revolved around steady interaction and dependable exchanges of information hindered a good amount of project requirements. Even though Hrad Technika performed the requirements analysis, many of the goals and ideas that were slotted to take place did not meet the standards that needed to be in place. Problems had arisen. First off, the analysis stage was not a success. Hrad had enormously depended upon their former understanding of the system. This understanding and knowledge had come about when they had actually contrived the requirement document. Through this, I can infer that most likely during the quality analysis phase, the project did not excel and outshine, as it was meant. It probably did not show promise and turned out to be a flop. Once again, over-confidence in relation to the system and supposed familiarity with the system contributed to the failings and deficiencies of the planning and devising committees of Hrad. As an end product of all of this, there ended up being a wide-ranging shortage of awareness. The customer (Tegan) and the outsourced firm (Hrad) were not on the same page at all when it came down to the requests and wishes for what wanted to be done with the A / P System. Secondly, the Low Level Design Documents come to mind. There seemed to be time lost or time not properly used concerning the LLDs. I do not think the company of Tegan embraced a correct development methodology. Moreover, I do not believe Tegan had enough adequate resources or enough expert-type employees. There are two great quotes on page three and then page four in the Hrad Technika case that back up the previous sentence. The first one was: â€Å"While at the initial meeting, there had been many people close to the A / P project, it unfolded that it was only the most vocal person at the meeting who understood the system: Julia Jones. † The second was: â€Å"As a short cut, Hrad decided that it would be impossible for Julia Jones (the expert) to review every [single] document, so they distilled what they knew onto a set of PowerPoint slides which they presented to Jones for her reaction. Additionally, the interruption of said time was intrinsic regarding the end date for the project. As a consequence of all these time issues, the managing team obviously wanted to take precautions and preventative measures to try to condense the time of culmination for the project. However, in a way, this over eagerness to remedy time management difficulties headed towards some other errors t hat inadvertently held up the typical and customary functioning of the system. Overall, another methodology should have been used. I think the system failure was due to the methodology that got picked. There should have been another course of action where Tegan did not have such a principal role. If that had been the case, maybe Hrad could have improved the performance of the system. SECTION 5: The Case Writers state: Sadly, Smith knew that â€Å"Leadership† and â€Å"Commitment†, the paucity of which was blamed for untold IT failures were not the problems here. Critique- do you agree? What do  you  see as the most important IT management failures here? It is quite evident that there was a deficiency in the commitment and leadership categories from both sides, Tegan and Hrad. This paucity, as it is called, caused several complications throughout the execution of the A / P project. Thus, I do not agree with the quotation above. I think leadership and commitment were some of the major problems and contributed greatly to the unsuccessful nature of the project. I mean, Tegan did not exactly express an overwhelming dedication to the project due to the fact that it never truly released a sufficient amount of knowledgeable staff to help accelerate the LLD reviews. In response to all of this, Hrad was pretty accommodating and compliant to the seemingly inflexible ways of Tegan. The mannerisms of Tegan displayed an attitude as if they did not care if the project was a success or not. Furthermore, Tegan was adamant about having a fixed-price contract. This was all regardless of over-flowing costs and even the enthusiasm and cooperation of Hrad to pay for some of the additional costs. This right here is sort of exemplifying in a way that Tegan really did not want to go the distance with this project. I feel as if Tegan just wanted to pay someone swiftly and have the outsourced company get it done swiftly too. Moreover, another conceivable drawback that could have endangered and threatened the project was employing the exact same company that also performed the requirements analysis. Concerning one final thought and going back real quick to the fixed-price contract, the usage of this kind of contract forced a sizeable test upon Hrad in tackling the new transformations of the execution of the project. The system had some very complex pieces to it that were not initially recognized. SECTION 6: Which of the options for moving forward that Tegan identified would you recommend? I would have to state that the project at hand was an immediate failure. Many conditions and obligations were not met. It is also obvious that more time and more money will be necessary to guarantee that at some point the project will be officially completed. Two primary reasons for the shortcomings of this project, yet again, included the sluggish rotational speed in regards to the LLDs and how fast they could send them back and forth to one another accompanied with appropriate feedback and secondly, the consciousness that suddenly came about in regards to the fact that other and new elements needed to be incorporated into the system of which had not been delineated within the requirements analysis. Out of the four possible choices on page five of the Tegan document, I would go with a mix of one and three. Tegan should â€Å"stick with Hrad†, and they should also continue to â€Å"devote resources to ideally fix, or at least patch the existing system. † The fundamental recommendation, as I see it, would be to expand the timeline rather than to considerably shrink the project’s functionality. I think Hrad is starting to see the complexities, they just need more time. An entirely new outsourced firm, I think, would be bad. A new firm might not even see what Hrad is recognizing right now for an even longer period of time, which could possibly produce what would seem like an eternal drag of resources and money. I think this recommendation would be the best. I think it would be advantageous to Tegan and Hrad logically speaking because eventually the deliverables would be met, they would specifically be met by Hrad, and maybe some sort of relationship restoration could be had.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

9 Tips for Managing Exam Stress

9 Tips for Managing Exam Stress Do you struggle with exam stress? Do you grapple with test-style performance anxiety? It’s all good and perfectly natural for the vast majority of human beings. So relax, and read this 4-minute article full of tips for managing said stress. Enjoy! 1. Come Prepared The more prepared you are the more in-control you’ll feel. You’ll be confident and inspired rather than under slept and on the edge of sheer panic. When you slack off, excessively procrastinate or rely on ineffective study habits test time can be a nightmarish experience! So start studying early, set a study schedule in stone and stick to it, and make sure that come test time you’ve got your ducks in a row. Also, you should find out all the details about the exams. Check out which 15 questions you must ask your professor before finals. 2. Sleep Like 10 Hours! Now, the more prepared you are for the test the easier you’ll sleep the night before. If you didn’t procrastinate then on the day before the test you shouldn’t have a tremendous amount to do other than simply brush up on things you already know and go over them one last time. That’s it. So it should be easy to crash early and get up early. Refreshed, mentally awake and ready to ace it! If you dont feel confident and want to study at night, then at least find out how to study for a test the night before effectively. 3. Get Adequate Micronutrients First of all, don’t skip breakfast on test day. And, eat a healthy breakfast. In fact, if you eat healthy in general your mind is going to work better†¦Eat organics. Eat fresh fruits and veggies. Stay away from over processed, preserved and packaged foods. It’s going to help you stay in shape and seriously, that translates into a sharper mind. 4. Stay Away from Stimulants Don’t drink coffee in the morning of the test. You should have gotten plenty of sleep the night before. Stay away from high sugar/caffeine energy drinks as well because they’ll typically cause you to crash. What if you crash during the test and pass out, drooling on your test? It’s not a good idea to consume this stuff when you need to be on your game. 5. Avoid Perfectionism You can actually take things too seriously and cause yourself to draw a big fat blank during the test! Perfectionism is creepy and it causes heart attacks dude. Yes, A’s are awesome. We all know that, but keep things in perspective please. B’s and C’s get degrees as well. Do your best of course, but don’t have a stroke in the process. 6. Call Mom or Dad In other words, if you’re feeling super-stressed out just call someone that cares about you and have a chat. Let it out! Talk to someone older that’s been through it. Talk to your professor. Talk to someone that understands. Conversation can be a HUGE stress reliever and it gives you a chance to verbalize what you’ve been neck-deep in for a while. 7. Keep Negativity In Check Depression and anxiety are rampant on modern college campuses today. Exercise and proper nutrition are going to work wonders, along with staying away from artificial stimulants. Furthermore, adequate sleep really helps as well. But, at the end of the day your attitude is going to be a pretty big indicator of how you’ll perform on a test. Keep your attitude confident and upbeat and you’ll do things you never imagined you could! 8. Don’t Study Alone Think of taking a big test like going into battle. No one wants to head out into the field of war alone. No one wants to face the hordes all by their lonesome. When you know that you’re taking tests with friends or study partners, it feels like a shared load. Studying in groups is genius. Really, it pays off in more ways than one. You meet people. You feel more relaxed during tests. The studying is typically better quality. The list goes on and on and it can really be a stress reliever. 9. Take Breaks This goes along with obsessive compulsive perfectionism. Don’t take things so seriously that you never disengage and give your psyche a break for a month before the test. If you’ve done your homework regularly, attended class, taken good notes and studied along the way you’ll do fine! Make sure to do other stuff. Go out and see a movie. Play some basketball. Go on a hike. Get your back waxed. Something! Yes, at the end of the day college can be reduced to a number of critical tests that determine whether you get a degree or not. That’s true. But exam stress doesn’t do you a whole lot of good. If you use it like an iron hot cattle prod behind you, propelling you to do the right thing, then that’s great! But if you let the stress consume you it’s only going to brutalize your scores. What do you do to handle exam stress and anxiety and come out on top? Don’t be shy, because you could really help someone in a time of dire need here.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Drug Diazepam in Pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Drug Diazepam in Pharmacology - Essay Example Only paramedics are allowed to use in the management of â€Å"psychostimulant-induced behavioral disturbances† in times of emergency (National Drug Strategy). a. A list of conventional over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, complementary alternative medicines (CAMs) and prescription medicines that are known or suspected to undergo clinically relevant interactions with your profile drug in humans. b. List the source(s) of information you have used and indicate the strength of the evidence (e.g. anecdotal report, clinical case, clinical trial, etc) for each of the interactions that you have identified. Fluconazole is an antifungal that belongs to a group of drugs known as azoles that increases the effects of Diazepam by increasing the levels of Diazepam available in the plasma at any given time. A study conducted by Saari established that Fluconazole increased the level of Diazepam two and a half times thereby increasing the sedative effects of Diazepam. However, the peak plasma concentrations and the pharmacodynamics of Diazepam were not affected (941-999). Voriconazole may inhibit Diazepams metabolism, increasing the risk of adverse effects. In essence, Voriconazole acts the same way as Fluconazole by increasing the levels of Diazepam that are available in the plasma at any given time (Saari 941-999). Therefore, a Diazepam dose should be decreased. Diazepam may possibly increase or decrease phenytoin concentration. The phenytoin concentration should be monitored in case of toxicity and the phenytoin dose should be adjusted as necessary (Australian Medicine Handbook 2011). Enhanced sedation or respiratory and cardiovascular depression may occur if diazepam or other benzodiazepines are combined with drugs that have CNS-depressant properties such as alcohol, antidepressants, sedative antihistamines, antipsychotics, general anesthetics, other hypnotics or sedatives and opioid analgesics.  

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Write your own dystopian story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write your own dystopian story - Essay Example The country followed another ritual of a lottery of drowning thirty of its citizens down the sea every month to overcome its problems. It was due to these laws that Mrs. Dickinson had hidden her daughter. The Dickinson family was very happy until a police officer saw Emily playing around the house. The Butchering Team arrived at their doorstep. It was the day of the lottery as well. It was an unfortunate day as Mr. Dickinson’s name was in the drowning lottery as well. The family got a tip off and they all walked together towards the sea for the lottery from the backdoor. They took a brave step and Mrs. Dickinson stood in the middle of the crowd at the shore and announced that the entire family was going to go through the drowning ritual. Their protest was joined by a larger crowd and many people joined in. This led to wave of unrest and the state government of Ludiano was overthrown. The leaders were expelled from the state and so were the members of the Butchering Team. This was how peace was again restored in the state

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Policing Development and Operation Trends Essay Example for Free

Policing Development and Operation Trends Essay Write a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing within policing organizations. In your analysis, be sure to evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing and how these evolutions impact various policing organizations (local, state, federal). Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. You can learn lots in college. It is not only a great place to get an academic education, but you can get a social education, too. When you use the advice from this article, you can make your time in college success and productive and the best time of your life.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Treatment Intervention to Improve Sleeping Habits

Treatment Intervention to Improve Sleeping Habits Individual Assignment: Bad Sleeping Habits Koh Ke Mian Bad Sleeping Habits According to Carskadon and Dement (2011), sleep is both combinations of physiologic and behavioral processes. When sleeping, the awareness to environment stimuli will decrease (Carskadon Dement). On the other hand, National Institutes of Health (2011) had stated that sleep is just for your brain and body to shut down. People always think sleep is merely their â€Å"down time† due to their brains will shut off when sleeping. Therefore, people will always stay up late because they will think sleeping is not important and it is wasting their time. Moreover, the researchers found that how much you rested depends on the total sleep, timing of the sleep stages, and how much sleep you get each night (National Institutes of Health). Besides, Kashmir Monitor (2012) had stated that health problems are caused by the sleeping patterns. In this globalization and urbanization, bad sleeping habit has become common and more and more young people stay up late to make sure their work is done o n the day. In addition, people will also sacrifice their sleep to do other things, such as rushing assignment which due on the next day, watch movies, play games, or chit chatting. According to Sleep Health Foundation (2011), bad sleeping habits is defined as poor sleep hygiene. Bad sleeping habits can be refer as erratically bedtime routine, which is not enough sleep for each day and sleeping very late. Bad sleeping habits may bring a lot of consequences to us which may influence our life. There are consequences that will be affected by bad sleeping habits. According to Harvard Health Publications (2007), there are connection between sleep and heart disease. They had stated that bad sleeping habits may cause heart disease and heart disease will affect the quality of sleep (Harvard Health Publications). On the other hand, the researchers had also mentioned that bad sleep habits brings a lot of consequences, such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, and obesity (Harvard Health Publications). According to Harvard Health Publications, there will be higher risk of getting heart attack due to the bad sleeping habits. Furthermore, the researcher had also stated that bad sleeping habits causes higher risk of getting mood disorder such as major depression (Oster, 2012). Other than that, the researcher had found that students who have bad sleeping habits will negatively affect their academic performance (Park 2009). In addition, bad sleeping habits may also affect the performance and difficulty concentrating in class (Park). National Institutes of Health (2011) had stated that people who suffer from lack of sleep will slower down the thinking processes, harder to focus or pay attention on something, may cause confusion easier, make the wrong decision and risk taking, and slower down the reaction time. People who do something which need quick reaction may be dangerous if they suffer from lack of sleep. According to Cain (2012), the intervention of school will be effective in increasing the knowledge of sleep to adolescents. However, there are no significantly improvements of changing bad sleeping habits (Cain). On the other hand, students had stated that there were no motivations for them to change their habits in order to get more sleep (Cain). According to Cain, he had stated that people who have bad sleeping habits have the trend to avoid the morning bright light. Other than that, the researchers had mentioned that changing a behavior may require the willingness of an individual (Miller Rollnick, 2002, p.10, as cited in Cain). To change the bad sleeping habits, the individuals should have the willingness to change and believe on their own ability which they can change the habits. Motivating me is the way that I can change this habit and knowing more about the effect that cause by the bad sleeping habits may force me to change it. I will change this habit due to the consequences that could bring me. According to Harvard Health Publications (2007), lack of sleep will cause high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, diabetes and obesity. Lack of sleep may also affect an individual difficult to focus, decrease reaction time, and faulty decision making (National Institutes of Health, 2011). In addition, the tools that I will use to help me change my bad sleeping habits are avoid to take caffeinated drink at least four hours before going to sleep, not to take nap in the evening because it may make it harder to sleep at night, not taking meals when going to bed but not feel hungry, try to go to bed at same times, and not spending too much of time with bed while not sleeping (Sleep Health Foundation, 2011). According to LeBourgeois, Gi annotti, Cortesi, Wolfson, and Harsh (2005), as cited in Marhefka (2011), avoid taking nap in the late-afternoon or taking nap more than an hour during daytime, and not taking alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco before going to bed may have good sleeping habits. Method To make sure that I change the behavior, the behavior that I measure is the bad sleeping habits. In the baseline phase, I have used a mobile app which called sleepbot (Refer to Appendix F) to help me record my sleeping time and wake up time. This app help to record people’s sleep pattern and it can also track motion. It can help people know what are the problems that make them cannot sleep well and they can change their sleeping pattern through understanding this. Moreover, through recording my sleeping time and wake up time, I can know the amount of my sleeping time that I slept in a day and mostly what time I go to bed. Moreover, in treatment phase, I had set alarm clock for myself which remind me to sleep and wake up on time. Besides, sleepbot is the app that could help me calculate my amount of sleep and how much I debt to my sleep. I had set up the hours that I have to sleep which is eight hours a day and I set the alarm clock by using this app as well. Through using this sleepbot application, it reminds me the time I have to sleep everyday which may help me change my bad sleeping habits. On the other hand, this app may also allow me to record my daily sleeping quality. I will choose this app to help me change my bad sleeping habits because this app has a lot of functions which I can use it and no need to download so many apps that help me record my sleep quality. Furthermore, I will choose this app to help me change my behaviour because the first things that I will do when I open my eyes is check my smartphone. This app has the alarm clock system, so I will turn off it when it ring and it records my wake up time together, and I think it is very convenience. Results In the baseline phase, there are 54.4 hours of sleep time from 29th January 2015 to 5th February 2015 (Refer to Appendix A). The average daily sleep in these seven days is 9.1 hours. There is only a day which I did not sleep for eight hours. However, the earliest sleep time for me is at 12.14am and the latest sleep time is at 1.39am (Refer to Appendix B). Other than that, my earliest wake up time in the baseline phase was at 7.15am, and the latest wake up time was at 11.06am. Even though the total average sleep for me was 9.1 hours, but I do not have a healthy life style (Refer to Appendix A). Therefore, I would like to change it and make me be healthier. The treatment phase started from 12th February 2015 to 19th March 2015. In this treatment phase, I had found that the earliest sleeping time for me was at 11.15pm, but the latest sleep time was at 2.57am (Refer to Appendix D). This has showed that the behaviour that I would like to change had failed. Furthermore, my average sleep ti me in this treatment phase is 8.8 hours per day (Refer to Appendix C). It showed I slept more than eight hours a day, but my sleeping time and wake up time are not the same every day. On the other hand, the researcher had stated that if a person want to have good sleeping habits, they should go to bed at the same time (Sleep Health Foundation, 2011). According to Appendix E, the longest time I slept was about 12 hours, and the shortest time I slept was about four hours. My consumption of sleep dramatically changes every day. Furthermore, the results had showed that I did not change my sleep behaviour throughout the time and it had showed that I had slept latest in the treatment phase than baseline phase. Discussions This treatment programme did not work for me. This is because Lunar New Year was in my treatment phase, and I went to travel on that time. I could not sleep on time because I was not in the hotel on that time. Furthermore, this treatment programme failed because the treament period was the assignment weeks and I had to sacrifice my sleeping time to finish my assignment on time. In addition, I think procrastination is the important effect that I have to sacrifice my sleeping time to do my assignment. On the other hand, I think the app was useful, however, it could not motivate me to sleep earlier. Moreover, I think the weakness of this app was that I have to open the app myself while I want to record my sleep time and it is not convenient for me when I was feeling sleepy. It caused me lost my drowsiness when I started to set my sleeping time. This is because I have to think where my app is which caused me to regain consciousness. I think this app had contributed to me 60 percent out o f 100 percent. This is because it does not provide any other functions such as tips which help for sleeping, or music which makes people relaxes. Furthermore, I always switch off my smartphone when I am sleeping. However, this app needs to on my phone all the time and it drain my phone battery whole night. The difficulties that I had faced in this treatment phase were I did not have any motivation which helps me to sleep earlier. In addition, there were a lot of others factors which caused me to sleep late, such as rushing assignment, watch drama, or chit chatting. Procrastinating could affect my sleeping time. Furthermore, I think that because of nobody urge me to sleep earlier which makes me do not care on it. Besides, I had influenced by other people (e.g. family and housemates) that they all sleep very late and it makes me to sleep late also. According to Voke (2002), environment encourages exploration will encourage the child’s natural motivation. The motivation will come from the encouragement of environment. Other than that, according to Saul (2014), he stated that procrastinating could affect ability to sleep, and also affect general health and well-being. I think the app could add some music in which could help people to relax when they are stress out and could not sleep due to the stressful environment. In addition, I think the app may provide some functions which calculate the intake of caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol in a day. This is because the amount of taking caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol may also affect the quality of sleep. Other than that, I think this app should change their system which allows their user to switch off their phone while they are sleeping. It not only helps the users sleep better, it also helps the users to save the battery of their phone. Besides, I think I should ask someone to urge me to done my work earlier and also go to sleep before 12am. I think it could be effective if someone urging me. Moreover, stay with the people who sleep early could motivate me sleep earlier. In addition, I may also require my family to sleep earlier which help to motivate me.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Card Game Essay

The study was commenced inside the Computer Shop at Dasmarinas, Cavite. After we discussed our first topic we planned to come up with a Card Game as our second topic for the sake of our thesis project in Software Engineer Subject. We picked Card Game as our second topic because we feel that it’s more challenging rather than hunting some companies around Dasmarinas. Some of the reasons why we picked Card Game as our second topic are because in this topic we own our time performing the codes of the program any time before the day of our defence without such pressure. Statement of the Problem From some of the research and data we gathered. We found a few application and websites that is running a similar online game like our propose topic. From what we’ve seen some major problem that they have is that the game is not quite user friendly. It’s difficult to use the control. Because of the lack of visual control buttons. There is also limitation on how many game can it accommodates at the same time. Of course keeping the gamers idle for so long they might lose interest in the game Research Objectives The Objectives of this research is to develop a game that will be entertaining and at the same time, a game that will be educational that may enhance thinking and decision-making skill in the following ways: * To make unique cards in the game that will allow diversity for the players to think of their own strategy. * To ensure that players will have no advantage against each other by making cards balance. * To allow multiplayer (online) for players to play against each other in different parts of the world. Significance of the Study Cardfight vanguard is a trading card game there are also people who wants to experience playing this game but doesn’t have the luxury of buying the needed cards and also looking for people to play with. Since people now are more often browsing the internet people who want to play Vanguard can play the game without buying the necessary cards needed and having to worry of looking for someone to play with. Conceptual Framework * PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. * Randomized * Easy access * Less hassle Electronic Trading Card Game The model above explains on what and how will be the process of the study. Trading Card Game is a game played using specially designed sets of playing cards. While trading cards have been around for longer, TCGs (Trading Card Games) combine the appeal of collecting with strategicgameplay, but in our study we will do it in a different way by using PHP Hypertext Pre-processor as our scripting language for this study and for our main function for this logical game is the random() function. The researchers will assure an easy access program for the user and it lessens hassle because rather than bringing your deck of cards using your bare hands, just bring your portable computer and start playing the game on your most comfortable place.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Macbeth Analysis Essay

The extract before me is from Macbeth written by William Shakespeare in the year 1606. It is from Act 1 Sc 7. It takes place in a room at Macbeth’s castle at Inverness. The extract primarily deals with the ploys that Lady Macbeth uses to persuade her husband Macbeth to commit the crime of murdering King Duncan. Two important themes are bought out in this extract, one is about the creation of gender roles and stereotypes and the second one is about appearances often being deceptive. The extract begins with Macbeth telling Lady Macbeth â€Å"We shall proceed no further in this business†. This is obviously referring to something which has happened before in the scene. Macbeth has been contemplating the consequences of this murder. He conceives a very apocalyptic vision of how the angels of heaven are gonna be coming and spreading the news of this murder all across. The angels are gonna be pleading for Duncan’s virtues and the people are gonna be actually crying and there be like a flood of tears which will drown the Earth. So, he tells Lady Macbeth that he does not wish to do away with his golden reputation, he does not want to lose its gloss and therefore, he does not want to proceed with the bloody business as he calls it. Lady Macbeth is obviously very affected by this and she ends up trying to accuse Macbeth of being unmanly. She uses adjectives like â€Å"pale†, â€Å"green†. She compares him to â€Å"the poor cat in the adage†. She is trying to drive the wedge between him and his doing and his desire to achieve the throne and his lack of action. Now, Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"what beast was it then that made you break this enterprise to me†. This is a reference to Act 1, Sc 5 because in Act 1 Sc 5, Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth about the prophecies that the witches had made and how he is supposed to become t he King of Scotland after becoming the Thane of Cawdor. Now, Lady Macbeth is just wedging upon those lines saying that â€Å"when you dared to commit this to me, that is when you were a man† and now if you are actually gonna commit the deed of murder, you are gonna commit the heinous crime of regicide, you will be even more the man. Lady Macbeth reasons out that the time and the place were not appropriate to kill Duncan at that time but now since he has come into our battlements, he is in our castle as our guest, we are supposed to kill him. Lady Macbeth is surprised that Macbeth is losing his resolve at this time. Lady Macbeth goes on to create a very grotesque image that shows that the milk of human kindness is actually not present in her. She says that she has suckled the baby at her breast and she knows â€Å"how tender it is to love the babe that milks me† and she says that if she had ever said that she had committed to anyone that I am going to be killing my child, she would have actually plucked his mouth out of her nipple and dashed his brains out against the wall. This is a very grotesque image produced by Lady Macbeth has produced. This makes it clear to us that Lady Macbeth has been dehumanised, defeminised in all ways. Thus, she has achieved her wish which she asked from the spirits. She is totally unwomanly and does not have any maternal instincts. She is actually a reminder of the character Medea from the play Medea written by Euripedes because Medea had self-decided to kill her own children. Now, we see that the scene has become progressively darker with Lady Macbeth creating images of death and Macbeth ends up contemplating the possible consequences if we should fail. We should see that there are several times when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth talk about each other as being one. They perpetually use ‘we’. Macbeth has never said that ‘i’ am gonna fail at the murder. He says that ‘we’ should fail. This shows that there is a sense of togetherness and they are partners not only in greatness but also in crime. So, Lady Macbeth immediately retaliates but then at this time there is a shift in tone. It becomes much more pragmatic because she divulges the plan of the murder to Macbeth. There is a metaphor used over here, it’s about stringed instruments, now just as you take the string and you create the appropriate tension by tying it to the right peg. Similarly, Lady Macbeth expects that Macbeth decides to be headstrong and resolute and decides to screw his courage to the sticking place. If he does so, they will certainly not fail. She goes on to discuss the plan of murder with Macbeth. She says that when Duncan will be asleep and in all probability, he is likely to sleep due to his long journey. The two sentinels outside his room are gonna be intoxicated by Lady Macbeth using wine, drugs. She will make sure that they are so drunk that they will lose thier memory which has been described as â€Å"the warder of the brain†. The receipt of reason will not be there. Reason will actually be distilled out of their brains. They will not be able to understand anything. They will actually behave like swine and sleeping in that manner. Lady Macbeth sees it as golden opportunity to perform the murder. She once again, as I said, talks about them being one. She says â€Å"what cannot you and I perform upon the unguarded Duncan?† when in fact the murder is going to be committed by Macbeth alone. Lady Macbeth is obviously very important partner in his crime. Now, Lady Macbeth further tells him that they are gonna be taking the daggers and staining the officers with the blood. She expects the officers â€Å"to bear the guilt of our great quell. Now, the use of the word â€Å"guilt† over here is very important and it is also very ironic because it is not like they do not do away with thier guilt ever. In fact, they leave in torment of the very murder. Lady Macbeth in Act 5, Sc 1 in the sleep-walking soliloquy is a woman who has completely lost her senses. She is leaving under intense emotional pressure and she is the one who is not able to sleep anymore. So, it shows that they are actually guilty of the crime. Macbeth himself in Act 2 Sc 2 does not wish to even go back to the scene of the crime again. So, it shows that even though they are gonna be staining the sentinels with blood. In fact, both of them are gonna be living in horror of the deed. Now, Macbeth seems to be quite convinced and he asks Lady Macbeth to bring forward male children only because the â€Å"undaunted mettle should compose nothing but males†. Now, this is very significant because it is about the creation of the gender stereotypes. In the Shakespearean area, it was expected of men to be embodiment of valour, courage and ruthlessness to some extent and woman on the other hand were expected to be more submissive and incapable of coming up with wicked plans. However Lady Macbeth is an exception to this rule because she comes across as one who is so resolute and cold, so devoid of pity that this is something which should be there only in men. Macbeth once again questions his wife and asks her that if they are gonna marking the two sleepy sentinels with blood, would it not see that they have done it. Lady Macbeth says that while they will be hysterically crying and lamenting the death of Duncan, suspicion will never fall upon them. Macbeth finally capitulates to all its wife’s persuasions and he seems to have â€Å"bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat†. This is a very important line in the building up of the tragic hero because Macbeth is gonna be himself responsible for his fate. He has decided to put his heart and soul into committing so heinous a crime and he is indeed gonna be bearing indeed the consequences of it as we see later in the play. The scene ends with a couplete that rhymes which is typical of Shakespeare. It says that â€Å"Away, and mock the time with fairest show: false face must hide what the false heart doth know. So, it recounts the theme that appearances are often deceptive. This theme has been running throughout the play. It all began with King Duncan in Act 1 Sc 2 when he wished that he would be able to recognise people by simply looking at their faces. It is also present in Act 1 Sc 5 when Lady Macbeth asks her husband to â€Å"look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it†. This time Macbeth is the one who is actually telling his wife that she is suppose to be having composure, she is suppose to conceal her ulterior motives and her false face must hide the real intentions that she has. In conclusion, i can say that there is a big contrast between the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Macbeth is the one who is contemplating the fear of failure. He says that we should fail, what would happen. He is no doubt ambitious but at the same time he also comes across as a rational being.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Student Nurse Assessment

Student Nurse Assessment Free Online Research Papers Assessment This assignment will describe the assessment of a client that the student nurse has worked with and show how a holistic approach to the assessment process was used and the importance for this. Reference to the academic theory that support and are the reasons behind the student’s actions will be made throughout. The nursing process contains four stages based around the individual: The first and most important stage of the nursing process is assessment where good communication skills are essential to the nurse to allow her to identify problems with the client; actual and potential, physical and psychological (Kenworthy et al 2001). One of the most important nursing skills is the ability to assess the client as this is the first stage in the nursing process and is vital to obtain the information that will allow the nurse to plan and implement nursing care and evaluate their effectiveness (Smeltzer Bare 2003). The client’s details have been changed to maintain client confidentiality in accordance with the NMC Code of Professional Conduct 2004. â€Å"Anastasia Beaverhausen†, aged 78, was admitted to hospital for treatment of a fractured neck of femur. Shortly after Anastasia’s arrival to the ward, the nurse assessed the client’s blood pressure, pulse, temperature, respiratory rate and oxygenation levels (SP02). This gives the nursing team a baseline to monitor Anastasias future observations against to determine any progress or deterioration of the client’s health. The wards assessment model was loosely based around the Roper, Logan and Tierney, and was used to begin the first stage of the nursing process. This wards model used the 12 activities of daily living designed by Roper et al which are maintaining a safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, elimination, washing and dressing, thermoregulation, mobility, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, death and dying (Holland 2005) with the added assessment of skin/pressure areas. The assessment interview allows the nurse-patient relationship to be established on the basis of mutual concern for the patient’s well being. However, the interview must have a structure and contain a beginning and an ending, and should progress logically, ensuring meaning to the participants (Mallet Dougherty 2000). The nurse began by introducing herself to the client and explaining what she was going to do. In accordance with the NMC 2004 where it states that nurses must promote and protect dignity of clients, the nurse pulled the curtains around the client’s bed space to promote the client’s privacy. A private room would have been a better place to undertake the assessment, as other patients could potentially still overhear, however this was not available and the situation was dealt with to the best of the nurse’s ability. The nurse informally chatted to the client to begin to build a relationship with her. She did this to help make the client feel at ease with her and therefore feel able to express her feelings and concerns as some problems may not be disclosed by the client and may only be identified when the nurse-client relationship develops and the client feels able to trust the nurse (Mallet Dougherty 2000). To do this, the nurse positioned herself near to the client and used warm body language and eye contact. At this early stage of interaction, both verbal and non-verbal communication skills are extremely important, as any relationship comes about through communication (Nolan 2003). To enable the nurse to identify any interrelated problems, a holistic approach to the assessment was required. The term comes from the Greek word ‘holos’, meaning ‘whole’. By applying the holistic approach to health care, the nurse takes places emphasis on the whole person, taking into account the physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and cultural background and needs of the individual rather than simply treating the symptoms of their illness (Kenworthy et al 2001). And upon review of the many nursing theories currently in use, it is clear that they all take into account the whole person (George 1995). Early on in their conversation, it was established that Anastasia was very concerned about her dog that had been left at home with no-one to look after it. She was extremely worried about this and the nurse noted that this was a holistic need of the client that needed to be addressed. This emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach, because although it was not a symptom of the client’s injury, it was causing her to feel anxious and distressed. To gain Anastasia’s trust and her acceptance of her treatment plan, the nurse had to address this issue so the nurse asked the client if there was anyone that she could contact on her behalf and if Anastasia would be happy for this person to take care of her dog. The client remembered that her neighbour, who was a close friend, had a key to her house and that it would put her mind at rest if she knew she could care for the dog. For the purpose of this essay, the focal point will be on three of the activities of daily living that relate most to the client. For Anastasia, these were Eating and Drinking, Mobility and Skin / Pressure Areas. These were chosen because nutritional weakness and injury may also result in loss of muscle, and possibly decrease the client’s mobility and increase the likeliness of pressure sores and therefore increase recovery time. Through building a relationship with Anastasia, the nurse was mostly able to complete the assessment without asking too direct questions and therefore creating a feeling of formality for Anastasia, as clients may be reluctant to offer information around having a fall for fear of being put in a home or the need for a walking aid (Delorito 2002). During their discussion the client explained that her injury was the result of a fall after she slipped on some ice while out walking. Through talking to Anastasia about her previous medical history and reading the clients notes, the nurse saw that there had been no record of any previous slips or falls. It is important to ask the client if she has had any previous slips or falls, as a history of these is one of the most common risk factors for future falls (Delorito 2002). It was reported to the nurse by the client that she was a very active and social lady and she hoped to return to her normal life as soon as possible. The nurse was able to gain a picture of Anastasias mobility through their interaction, and noted that she usually walked unaided, had no stairs at home as she lived in a bungalow and took her dog for daily walks. The nurse also made a visual assessment and saw that the client was able to move positions in bed reasonably well which would therefore aid keeping her pre ssure areas in tact but she seemed to be in pain by doing so. To enable the nurse to assess how much pain Anastasia was in, she asked her to describe her pain on a scale of one to ten, with ten being the worst and zero being no pain at all. The client reported six on this scale and the nurse noted that this could hinder her movement while on bed rest and potentially lead to pressure sores. The nurse explained to Anastasia that she would have to remain on bed rest until the fracture had been stabilized and informed her as to how and why pressure sores form and that she could potentially be at risk, and for this reason, the nurse would need to carry out a Waterlow Assessment. Thus is in accordance with the NMC 2004 where it states that nurses must recognise and act to minimize the risk to clients. The Waterlow assessment is a tool used to determine the risk status of the client, and professional judgment must still be used. It allows clients to be classified according to their risk of developing a pressure sore under the categories of weight for height, continence, skin type, mobility, sex and age, appetite, and special risks such as tissue malnutrition, neurological deficit, major surgery or trauma and medication. To complete the weight for height score with, a body mass index (BMI) calculation must be carried out. This is a measure which takes into account the client’s height and weight to measure their body fat and can alert nurses to possible health risks for the client; the higher the BMI, the bigger the risk is of developing further health problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease (Lee Neiman 2002). As the nurse was unable to measure and weigh Anastasia, she used information provided by the client to calculate her BMI. The nurse also asked to look at the client’s pressure areas to see if there was any evidence of any sores, either healing or beginning and noted that there were none. As part of the assessment process, the nurse also needed to assess Anastasias nutritional status. Nutritional assessment is a crucial part of nursing care (Horan 2000) as this would help the nurse to identify if the client was undernourished, the possible reasons for this, and to provide a baseline for any future care given (Gibson 2005). Because a good diet is essential to the healing process it is vital to know if the client was getting the proper nutritional intake. The nurse needed to take the clients diet history, including food frequency, habits, preferences, meal patterns, and possible religious restrictions (Lee Neiman 2002). To do this, the nurse spoke to the client about what she would usually eat at home and asked her open questions beginning with how and why, for example, creating a much greater chance of the client feeling able to express their feelings rather than simply answering â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† (Nolan 2003). This extra information given by the client enables the nurse to gain a more comprehensive picture of Anastasias eating and drinking habits. The client became upset and reported that she had had a loss of appetite over the past two months since her husband had passed away. This was also why she was so anxious about her dog and hoped to return to her normal routine and social activities as quickly as possible as she feels that this helps her to cope with her loss. The nurse also noted, through a visual assessment of the client that her skin was dry, indicating dehydration. This was verified when the nurse asked Anastasia what she would normally have to drink in a day, including alcohol, as the client reported that she drinks only two to three cups of tea per day and drinks a glass of cherry on special occasions only, enabling the nurse to confirm her belief that the client also had an insufficient fluid intake as clients should be encouraged to drink 2-3 litres of water per day (Gibson 2005). As part of the nutritional assessment, Anastasia was also asked if she had any dentures, was taking any vitamins, minerals or supplements, and if she had any food allergies, to which the client explained that she had a full set of dentures, took no supplements, but was wheat intolerant and found this hard to cope with, which also influenced her eating habits as she cant eat the simple snacks she would like to because she is no longer cooking regular meals. The nurses visual assessment, and noted that the clients clothes and rings seemed a little loose, indicating a recent weight loss (Lee Neiman 2002). The nurse also noted that a lack of sufficient nutrients could have influenced the clients fall if she was weakened by a poor diet, as vitamin D is an essential nutrient for bone health and a major cause of its insufficiency is poor nutrition (Gennari 2001). While speaking to Anastasia the nurse made notes that she could refer to later. This was done to allow the client-nurse interaction to continue a little smoother than if the nurse was to repeatedly stop to document and to create a more relaxed atmosphere. After the assessment, the nurse used her notes to record and document all her findings clearly and legibly onto the clients assessment form, promoting effective communication between other health professionals and in accordance with the NMC Code of Professional Conduct 2004. CONCLUSION It has been established that the assessment is probably the most important stage of the nursing process because if it is done without care or inaccurately it will affect the planning, implementation and evaluation stages and possibly the clients care. Perhaps the most important factors to the assessment process are good communication and good documentation. A good assessment is dependant on the relationship between the nurse and the client and the most important aspect of all nursing activities are those that promote professional, compassionate, human to human interaction (Weber Kelley 2003). Good documentation remains in line with the NMC Code of Professional Conduct 2004 as it promotes better communication, consistency, continuity, efficiency, and professionalism within the nursing team (Wood 2003). Research Papers on Student Nurse AssessmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Laugh About Writing

Laugh About Writing Laugh About Writing Laugh About Writing By Sharon Writing doesnt always have to be a serious business. Though its wise to make sure that you write correctly, theres a lot of fun to be had when playing with words. Two emails that landed in my inbox the other day made me chuckle. The first was called Humor for Lexophiles. I wont reproduce the whole thing, but here are a few of my favorites: The butcher backed up into the meat grinder and got a little behind in his work. To write with a broken pencil is pointless. A thief fell and broke his leg in wet cement. He became a hardened criminal. The professor discovered that her theory of earthquakes was on shaky ground. A dentist and a manicurist fought tooth and nail. You are stuck with your debt if you cant budge it. Acupuncture: a jab well done. The second source of amusement was an email featuring metaphors from student essays. Here are a few that caught my eye His thoughts tumbled in his head, making and breaking alliances like underpants in a dryer without Cling Free. She grew on him like she was a colony of E. coli, and he was room-temperature Canadian beef. Her vocabulary was as bad as, like, whatever. McBride fell 12 stories, hitting the pavement like a Hefty bag filled with vegetable soup. Even in his last years, Granddad had a mind like a steel trap, only one that had been left out so long, it had rusted shut. The plan was simple, like my brother-in-law Phil. But unlike Phil, this plan just might work. It was an American tradition, like fathers chasing kids around with power tools. Obviously, Im not the only one who got these emails, so if you want to see more of these gems, look here and here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)How to spell "in lieu of"Apostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Vies Assertion About Technology and Society Essay

Vies Assertion About Technology and Society - Essay Example When I get up in the morning, the first thing I do is check the skype messages on my mobile phone to see what my dudes had to say to me overnight. I don’t leave the bed until all messages have been attended to. In the school, I discuss latest Apple apps with my friends. My connection with friends remains open full time in the school because one of the sites that always remains browsed on my computer screen is facebook. When I get back home, I remain in contact with my friends and brothers upon massively multiplayer online games. They consume most of my time. An insight to my daily routine suggests that my social relations have been enhanced because of the 24/7 use of digital technology, though only to a certain group of people i.e. my friends. In my childhood, when I did not have a computer and there was no such thing as skype or facebook, I used to spend more time with mom, dad, grandpa and granny. I used to sit with them, have lunch, dinner, tea and coffee with them. My grandma narrated me stories and I went jogging with dad. I discussed with mom what happened in the school. But all these golden moments have been swiped away from my life by the technology. Digital technology has also changed the way I perceive myself. This is unfortunate but the change has occurred for the worse. Before, I used to feel that my blood relatives have more right upon me but with the passage of time, I have become more independent. I don’t want to think like this but I have become more of a public property than my family’s. Digital technology has increased my social networking with people of my age and distorted my social network with people elder or younger to me. Digital technology has particularly promoted my relations with people, who I am not related to by blood and weakened my tied with my blood relatives.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Foreign Currency Matters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Foreign Currency Matters - Essay Example On the other hand, if the functional currency is the Japanese Yen, then there will be no effect on exchange rates. This means that cash flows will not be impacted, hence not included in net income (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1981). Â  In a situation where more than half of the subsidiary’s revenue is Singapore sources, the Singapore Dollar will be the functional currency but the end of year finances will be reported in Japanese Yen. On the other hand, if more than half of the subsidiary’s revenue is from Japanese sources then the functional and reporting currency will remain as Japanese Yen (Earnest & Young, 2014). Â  4. Remeasurement means that a subsidiary’s functional currency is dominant in record keeping. At the end of the year, the current exchange rates are put into an account before reporting such that any gain or loss is reflected in the income statement. On the other hand, translation means the books are kept on the functional currency and transferred directly to the reporting currency without reflecting any gain or loss out of the exchange process. This can be reflected in the equity books away from financial books (Carmichael, Whittington & Graham, 2007). Â  5. Windbigler’s statement is incorrect when he says that the current exchange rate is defined as the exchange rate between functional currencies and reporting currencies at the balance sheet. In practice, the current exchange rate is defined as exchange rate at the balance sheet of the functional currency before the reporting currency. Alvarez statement is correct concerning monetary assets and liabilities (Georgiades, 2008). Â  

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Occupational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Occupational Health and Safety - Essay Example 1) Falls and Trips: Falls and trips could occur while working on ladders, scaffolding, roofs, mobile elevating work platforms, or any other form of working at heights. 23 worker deaths in construction resulted from falls from heights in 2006-2007. Use of fall protection equipment such as work restraint systems, work positioning systems, rope access systems, or fall arrest systems can minimize falls and trips. 2) Workplace Transport Accidents: Accidents involving workplace vehicles cause fatalities every year. Accidents could include being struck by a moving vehicle, falling from a vehicle, materials falling from a vehicle, collapse/overturn of a vehicle, or hit against a vehicle. There were 66 workplace transport fatalities in 2006-2007. Planning, training, awareness, and appropriate use of vehicles can reduce accidents. 1) Asbestos: Inhaling asbestos fibres can cause mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and/or pleural thickening. 1000 people who worked in building or maintenance die every year from lung cancer. Training and personal protective equipment is required for working with asbestos containing material. 2) Noise: Exposure to high levels of noise (over 85dBA) for over long periods of time can cause noise induced hearing loss. Use of hearing protective devices is necessary to keep noise exposure to acceptable levels. Exposure to noise can also be reduced by use of engineering or administrative controls. 3) Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Repetitive manual handling of heavy weights create excessive stress and strain on the body, and may lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 have been developed to reduce MSDs in construction work. Health and Safety Executive. (2008). Work-related injuries and ill health in construction - Summary. Retrieved March 2, 2009, from Health and Safety Executive Web site:

Monday, October 28, 2019

Ideology of the films Essay Example for Free

Ideology of the films Essay I. Introduction Feature films such as Star Wars and The Terminator last just a couple of hours, but they take months or even years to make. Huge teams of people are involved in preparing for the action, and then capturing it on camera. Then, when the acting has finished, more hard work begins on turning the action into a film fit for cinema and TV screens. This paper studies (1) who were the first film-makers; (2) know the development of cinema worldwide; (3) be aware of the different types of modern film and; (4) figure out the film-making at present. II. Background A. The first film-makers The first people to invent equipment for making films were the Americans W. K. L. Dickson and Thomas Edison, in the early 1890s. Their apparatus consisted of a camera called the Kinetograph and a viewing box called the Kinetoscope. Only one person at a time could look into the viewing box to watch the film, which was in black and white, had no sound and lasted just a few seconds. Two French brothers called Auguste and Louis Lumiere first devised a way of projecting film images onto a large screen for an audience. The Lumiere brothers called their apparatus the Cinematographe. They carried out their first demonstration in a Paris cafe in December 1895. People were stunned to see the large, moving pictures. Other inventors immediately began creating new types of projectors and experimenting with making their own films. ? Early film-making ideas Film cameras do not record movement. The moving pictures we see on screen are actually still photographs, taken so quickly one after the other that they seem to merge. Each still photograph is called a frame. Most film cameras today take 24 frames every second, on a big reel of film that is wound steadily through the camera. The first film cameras, though, could take only 16 frames every second. The length of the film on the reel was 20 or 25 metres, which gave just about one minute of screen time. So the first films usually showed just one, short scene. For example, L’Arroseur Arrose (A Trick on the Gardener) by the Lumiere brothers, made in 1895. The first film with more than one scene was probably Come Along Do! , produced by the Robert Paul company in Britain in 1898. The company joined a scene outside an art gallery with a scene inside. A film-maker called George Melies began to produce multi-scene films, such as Cinderella (1899). Melies also experimented with interesting ways to join the scenes together. He often used equipment, such as slides and magic lanterns, to create special effects. At the turn of the century, two British film-makers working separately in Brighton came up with creative ideas for shooting the scenes themselves. George Albert Smith invented a technique for filming a scene from different camera positions. In The Little Doctors (1901), a scene showing somebody feeding medicine to a kitten is shown first from a distance, then in close-up, then from a distance again. James Williamson had a different idea—to shoot a piece of action across several scenes, instead of just one. In Stop Thief! (1901), the lead character runs out of one scene, then the film cuts to a new scene elsewhere and the lead character runs into the scene, continuing the story. An American film-maker called Edwin S. Porter used ideas like these especially effectively in a 1903 film called The Great Train Robbery. III. Discussion A. The Development of Cinema Worldwide In the early days of film-making there were no cinemas. Film-makers used specialist sales organizations to sell their films to entertainment organizers, who projected them as part of variety shows in tent theatres. From 1905 to 1908 in the United States, thousands of theatres (known as nickelodeons) were set up especially for film. Permanent film theatres were also established across Europe, and film-making became a booming business. From 1908 a leading centre for American film-making developed in an area of southern California called Hollywood. Established British and French film companies were joined by flourishing film industries all over the world. An Italian film company produced the first large-scale film in 1912. It was called Quo Vadis? , and used massive film sets and more than 5,000 actors. Film-going became so popular that from 1914 many lavish cinemas called picture palaces were created. They could seat thousands of people at a time. Film-companies began to make films that lasted for several reels instead of just one. Picture palace audiences had to wait in the middle of a film while the projectionist changed reels. Films in those days were silent, so picture palaces usually had a pianist or organist who played music to accompany the action. Film-makers also included short written sentences in the film to add to the story or explain what the actors were saying. One of the most famous silent film stars was the British actor Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977), who created the loveable character of the â€Å"little tramp† who had a funny walk. Many film companies experimented with animated drawings and models, as well as human actors. European film companies introduced the idea of making information films about events in the news, as well as films for entertainment. ? Color and Sound From the early 1900s, inventors had worked on films with colour and sound. The first breakthrough with colour came in 1908 in London, when G. A. Smith demonstrated a colour film process called Kinemacolour. However, Kinemacolour shades were based on just two colours, so films continued to be made in black and white. The first colour films to be created successfully from two colours were Toll of the Sea and The Black Pirate, shown to the public in 1922. In 1926 the American film company Warner Brothers delighted audiences with a series of short films that had sound to match the pictures. As the sound was recorded on a separate disc, the words did not always match the mouth movements of the actors. Warner Brothers’ The Jazz Singer was the first full-length talkie, in 1927. The film company Fox soon developed a more effective technique for recording the sound onto the film itself. During the 1930s, Hollywood film companies made the most of the new sound technology by making musicals with singing and dancing stars such as Shirley Temple, and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Gangster talkies and romantic comedies were popular in the United States and Britain, although at this time the Japanese film industry was the largest producer of films in the world. In 1934, the Bombay Talkies studio was formed in India, founding one of the biggest film industries in the world. While film companies had been busy creating talkies, they had also been working on perfecting colour in films. Finally a process was developed that used three colors to create different shades, rather than just two. In 1935, the first three-strip Technicolor film was produced, Becky Sharp. From then on, moving pictures not only sounded real, they looked real too. B. Different Types of Modern Films Since the early days, many different types, or genres, of feature film have been made. These include westerns (such as The Magnificent Seven), thrillers (The Fugitive), comedies (Home Alone), action adventures (Indiana Jones), supernatural horror (Dracula), war epics (The Great Escape), romantic comedies (When Harry Met Sally). Crime and gangster films (The Godfather), films with animation (Who Framed Roger Rabbit? ), spy adventures (Mission Impossible), kung-fu extravaganzas (Enter the Dragon), science-fiction (E.T. —The Extraterrestrial) and modern musicals (Grease and Moulin Rouge). Sometimes films combine two or more genres. Some films are produced with three-dimensional technology, so that if you wear special glasses, the images on-screen appear to have more depth, just like in real life. Other films are made for IMAX cinemas. These special cinemas have giant-sized screens with sophisticated sound systems to make you feel as if you are right in the middle of the action. IV. Conclusion A. Film-making today Film-making requires different specialist staff and technical processes, depending on what the film is about. All films go through three broad stages before they are ready for an audience. During the pre-production stage all the preparations are made for filming. The producer chooses the story, raises money and employs the people who will work on the film. The scriptwriter writes the words, creating an exciting plot and interesting characters. The director decides on the overall style of the film and chooses the leading actors. The art director is in charge of designers for the film sets, costumes and makeup, and choosing locations outside the studio. Technical directors are in charge of crews who build huge film sets and arrange lighting, sound and special effects. The production manager controls the budget and makes practical arrangements for filming. During the production stage filming takes place. Stories are not usually filmed in the right order. The actors and crew film all the scenes that take place in one location before moving on to another. The director guides the creative elements of the film, from giving opinions on the story, to instructing the actors, to choosing camera angles. The director is helped by people in different departments. For instance, a continuity person makes sure that all the details are correct in scenes that are shot out of sequence (such as the actors’ clothes and length of their hair). That way, when the filmed scenes are put into the right order later, they will run together smoothly. The post-production stage happens when all the action has been filmed. An editor cuts sequences of action and joins them together, adding the sound. When the director and producer are happy with it, the finished film is then ready for distribution companies to sell to cinemas or TV companies.